A decisive time of its development occurred during the summer of 1911,[6] when Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso painted side by side in Céret in the French Pyrenees, each artist producing paintings that are difficult—sometimes virtually impossible—to distinguish from those of the other. Georges Braque (/brɑːk, bræk/ BRA(H)K, French: [ʒɔʁʒ bʁak]; 13 May 1882 – 31 August 1963) was a major 20th-century French painter, collagist, draughtsman, printmaker and sculptor. Zu dieser Zeit wurden natürlich noch keine Porträts oder Stillleben gemalt. Braque can be said to have begun to find his way in 1905, when he visited the Paris Salon d’Automne and saw the violent explosion of arbitrary colour in the room occupied by the paintings of the group nicknamed Les Fauves (“Wild Beasts”). Penguin Books, Ltd. Huffington, Arianna S. 1988. Zerlegung der Gegenstände in abstrakte Formen. [7], On 14 November 1908, the French art critic Louis Vauxcelles, in his review of Georges Braque's exhibition at Kahnweiler's gallery called Braque a daring man who despises form, "reducing everything, places and a figures and houses, to geometric schemas, to cubes". His paintings consist primarily of still lifes that are remarkable for their robust construction, low-key colour harmonies, and serene, meditative quality. Braque was born just seven months after Picasso, in a small community on the Seine near Paris that was one of the centres of the Impressionist movement in the 1870s. In 1962 Braque worked with master printmaker Aldo Crommelynck to create his series of etchings and aquatints titled L’Ordre des Oiseaux (The Order of Birds),[15] which was accompanied by the poet Saint-John Perse's text.[16]. Gestorben am: 31. Bis heute haben sich bildende Kunst und Architektur ständig entwickelt. Braque’s works abstracted the landscape beyond the work of Cézanne, however. Georges Braque Vintage Plate Signed Serigraph "The Beach" 1950s Catalda Fine Art. During the next two years he became a convinced, if rather prudent and tradition-minded, Fauvist, working for a while at Antwerp, Belgium, and then on the French Mediterranean coast near Marseille, at L’Estaque and La Ciotat. Reisen Sie … Braque was at first disconcerted by Picasso’s recent work Les Demoiselles d’Avignon (1907). Georges Braque (/ brɑːk, bræk / BRA (H)K, French: [ʒɔʁʒ bʁak]; 13 May 1882 – 31 August 1963) was a major 20th-century French painter, collagist, draughtsman, printmaker and sculptor. Mai 1882 in Argenteuil, einem Vorort von Paris, geboren. He conducted an intense study of the effects of light and perspective and the technical means that painters use to represent these effects, seeming to question the most standard of artistic conventions. 1897 til 1899 fik han aftenundervisning på den lokale kunstskole. The term 'Cubism', first pronounced in 1911 with reference to artists exhibiting at the Salon des Indépendants, quickly gained wide use but Picasso and Braque did not adopt it initially. At age 15 Braque enrolled in an evening course at the Le Havre Academy of Fine Arts. Updates? 31. In contrast to Picasso, who continuously reinvented his style of painting, producing both representational and cubist images, and incorporating surrealist ideas into his work, Braque continued in the Cubist style, producing luminous, other-worldly still life and figure compositions. Erich Heckel (1883 -1970) Max Beckmann (1884 -1950) Karl Schmidt-Rottluff (1884 -1976) Oskar Kokoschka (1886 -1980) He and Picasso would never work together again, however. Released from further military service, the artist rejoined the Cubist movement in 1917, which was then still in its Synthetic phase. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. His most important contributions to the history of art were in his alliance with Fauvism from 1905, and the role he played in the development of Cubism. Their respective Cubist works were indistinguishable for many years, yet the quiet nature of Braque was partially eclipsed by the fame and notoriety of Picasso. Die erste Phase, der sogenannte Analytische Kubismus, dauerte von 1910 bis Anfang 1912 und stellte die Recherche nach der gleichzeitigen Darstellung verschiedener Ansichten eines Objekts in das Zentrum. Georges Braque, 1908 Georges Braque. [22] The man carefully removed the paintings from their frames, which he left behind. Gegenbewegung gegen die idealisierenden Darstellungen der vorhergehenden Epochen Klassizismus und der Romantik. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Bedeutender Maler des: Kubismus Sein Leben. Von Pablo Picasso und Georges Braque begründete Richtung. 26 Apr. Dort absolviert Braque eine Lehre als Dekorationsmaler. In 1912 Picasso and Braque entered Synthetic Cubism, the phase in which subject matter became more central as the artists moved their forms out of the confusion of contrasting planes. The 1907 Cézanne retrospective at the Salon d'Automne greatly affected the avant-garde artists of Paris, resulting in the advent of Cubism. Like Picasso and de Chirico, Georges Braque also designed stage sets for the Ballets Russes. From that point onward his style ceased to evolve in the methodical way it had during the successive phases of Cubism; it became a series of personal variations on the stylistic heritage of the eventful years before World War I. The paintings taken were Le pigeon aux petits pois (The Pigeon with the Peas) by Pablo Picasso, La Pastorale by Henri Matisse, L'Olivier Près de l'Estaque (Olive Tree near Estaque) by Georges Braque, La Femme à l'Éventail [fr] (Woman with a Fan) by Amedeo Modigliani and Nature Morte aux Chandeliers (Still Life with Chandeliers) by Fernand Léger and were valued at €100 million ( $123 million USD). As a young adult, he worked during the day as a house painter and decorator, in the same line of work as his father and grandfather, and he attended evening classes at the School of Fine Arts in Le Havre, France. Fra ca. Braque's work between 1908 and 1912 is closely associated with that of his colleague Pablo Picasso. Sein Vater war Maler, und er zeigte früh erste Anzeichen dafür, dass er den gleichen Weg einschlagen würde: Seine Mutter behauptete, sein erstes Wort sei "piz", eine verkürzte Version von Lapiz oder Bleistift, und sein Vater war sein erster Lehrer. Georges Braque and his paintings Born in 1882, Georges Braque was a Parisian painter from the 20th century. The artists broke down planes and eliminated traditional perspectival space, which resulted in crowded canvases of subjects depicted so broken apart that they were nearly impossible to perceive. This work significantly strengthened the idea, full of consequences for the future of art, that a picture is not an illusionistic representation but rather an autonomous object. Catalogue raisonné, Site du ministère de la culture et de la communication, Georges Braque, L'Esprit nouveau: revue internationale d'esthétique, 1920, The Cubist Painters, Aesthetic Meditations, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georges_Braque&oldid=990517961, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using infobox artist with unknown parameters, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with TePapa identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Kunst-Epochen. Georges Braque (n. 13 mai 1882, Argenteuil, Franța – d. 31 august 1963, Paris, Franța) a fost un pictor francez, fondator - alături de Pablo Picasso - al cubismului.. Biografie. Georges Braque - Violine und Krug (1910) Öl a. Das beweisen Höhlenmalereien und bis zu 30.000 Jahre alte Figurenfunde. In Paris, he apprenticed with a decorator and was awarded his certificate in 1902. Diese wurden aus Stoffen wie Mangan oder Eisen gewonnen. In tactile space you measure the distance separating you from the object, whereas in visual space you measure the distance separating things from each other. Art historian Ernst Gombrich described Cubism as "the most radical attempt to stamp out ambiguity and to enforce one reading of the picture—that of a man-made construction, a colored canvas. Georges BRAQUE (1882-1963) (France) is an artist born in 1882 The oldest auction result ever registered on the website for an artwork by this artist is a drawing-watercolor sold in 1983, at Sotheby's, and the most recent auction result is a objects sold in 2020. His father and grandfather, both amateur artists, were the owners of a prosperous house-painting firm. Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com: accessed ), memorial page for Georges Braque (13 May 1882–31 Aug 1963), Find a Grave Memorial no. He showed this in the painting Houses at l'Estaque. He also learned to play the flute. Jede von … The boy attended the local public school, accompanied his father on painting expeditions, and developed an interest in sports, including boxing, that gave him, as an adult, the look of a professional athlete. Braque, along with Matisse, is credited for introducing Pablo Picasso to Fernand Mourlot, and most of the lithographs and book illustrations he himself created during the 1940s and '50s were produced at the Mourlot Studios. Braque resumed painting in late 1916. The slab volumes, sober colouring, and warped perspective in his paintings from this period are typical of the first part of what has been called the Analytical phase of Cubism. Braque’s early paintings reveal, as might be expected from a childhood spent in Normandy, the influence of the Impressionists, in particular that of Monet and of Camille Pissarro. Later that year he signed a contract with a dealer, Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler, who had recently opened a small Paris gallery destined to play an important role in the history of modern art. He continued to work during the remainder of his life, producing a considerable number of paintings, graphics, and sculptures. Leben und Werk. Georges Braque 1882-1963 Sein Lebenswerk zeugt nicht nur von einer außergewöhnlichen Experimentierfreude, sondern auch von einer höchst eigenwilligen bildnerischen Fantasie und Gestaltungskraft. Georges Braque, Rückseite von "Violon et verre", 1912–1914, Kunstmuseum Basel. Kahnweiler introduced him to the avant-garde poet and critic Guillaume Apollinaire, who in turn introduced him to Picasso. 7861854, citing Cimètiere de Varengeville, Varengeville-sur-Mer, Departement de la Seine-Maritime, Haute-Normandie, France ; Maintained by Find A Grave . Artprice.com's price levels for this artist are based on 9,616 auction results. Vom frühen Christentum bis zur Gegenwart, 3992 S., 99,00 Euro. [20] Authorities believe the thief acted alone. [1], Georges Braque was born on 13 May 1882 in Argenteuil, Val-d'Oise. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. “A comparison of the works of Picasso and Braque during 1908 reveals that the effect of his encounter with Picasso was more to accelerate and intensify Braque’s exploration of Cézanne’s ideas, rather than to divert his thinking in any essential way.”[3] Braque's essential subject is the ordinary objects he has known practically forever. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Georges-Braque, The Art Story - Biography of Georges Braque, Georges Braque - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). (Braque, Picasso, Duchamp) Moderne: (1890-1920). [11] He was trepanned, and required a long period of recuperation. [20][21] A window had been smashed and CCTV footage showed a masked man taking the paintings. In 1912, they began to experiment with collage and Braque invented the papier collé technique. The things that Picasso and I said to one another during those years will never be said again, and even if they were, no one would understand them anymore. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Man besann sich wieder auf das „Ich“, die Individualität und die Subjektivität. "[10] The Cubist style spread quickly throughout Paris and then Europe. Picasso: Creator and Destroyer. [23], Georges Braque, 1908, Plate and Fruit Dish, oil on canvas, 46 x 55 cm, private collection, Georges Braque, 1908, Cinq bananes et deux poires (Five Bananas and Two Pears), oil on canvas, 24 x 33 cm, Musée National d'Art Moderne, Georges Braque, 1908, Maisons à l'Estaque (Houses at l'Estaque), oil on canvas, 73 x 59.5 cm, Kunstmuseum Bern, Georges Braque, 1908–09, Fruit Dish, oil on canvas, 54 x 65 cm, Moderna Museet, Stockholm, Georges Braque, 1909, Port en Normandie (Little Harbor in Normandy), 81.1 x 80.5 cm, The Art Institute of Chicago, Georges Braque, 1909, La Roche-Guyon, le château (The Castle at Roche-Guyon), oil on canvas, 80 x 59.5 cm, Moderna Museet, Stockholm, Georges Braque, 1909 (September), Violin and Palette (Violon et palette, Dans l'atelier), oil on canvas, 91.7 x 42.8 cm, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, Georges Braque, 1909–10, Pitcher and Violin, oil on canvas, 116.8 x 73.2 cm, Kunstmuseum Basel, Georges Braque, 1910, Femme tenant une Mandoline, 92 x 73 cm, Bavarian State Painting Collections, Georges Braque, 1910, Portrait of a Woman, Female Figure (Torso Ženy), oil on canvas, 91 x 61 cm, private collection, Georges Braque, 1911, Nature morte (Still Life), Reproduced in Du "Cubisme", by Albert Gleizes and Jean Metzinger, 1912, Georges Braque, 1911, Nature Morte (The Pedestal Table), oil on canvas, 116.5 x 81.5 cm, Georges Pompidou Center, Paris, Georges Braque, 1911–12, Girl with a Cross, oil on canvas, 55 x 43 cm, Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth, Texas, Georges Braque, 1911–12, Man with a Guitar (Figure, L’homme à la guitare), oil on canvas, 116.2 x 80.9 cm (45.75 x 31.9 in), Museum of Modern Art, New York, Georges Braque, 1912, Violin: "Mozart Kubelick", oil on canvas, 45.7 x 61 cm, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Georges Braque, 1913, Nature morte (Fruit Dish, Ace of Clubs), oil, gouache and charcoal on canvas, 81 x 60 cm (31.8 x 23.6 in), Musée National d'Art Moderne, Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris, Georges Braque, 1913, Femme à la guitare (Woman with Guitar), oil and charcoal on canvas, 130 × 73 cm, Musée National d'Art Moderne, Centre Pompidou, Paris, Georges Braque, 1913–14, Still Life on a Table (Duo pour Flute), oil on canvas, 45.7 × 55.2 cm, Lauder Cubist Collection, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Georges Braque, 1914, Violon et verre (Violin and Glass), oil, charcoal and pasted paper on canvas, oval, 116 x 81 cm, Kunstmuseum Basel, Georges Braque, 1914, Man With a Guitar, oil on canvas, 130 x 73 cm, Musée National d'Art Moderne, Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris, Georges Braque, 1918, Rhum et guitare (Rum and Guitar), oil on canvas, 60 x 73 cm, Colección Abelló, Madrid, Georges Braque, 1908, photograph published in. [18] He adopted a monochromatic and neutral color palette in the belief that such a palette would emphasize the subject matter. He painted many still life subjects during this time, maintaining his emphasis on structure. Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription. His most important contributions to the history of art were in his alliance with Fauvism from 1905, and the role he played in the development of Cubism. However, he also studied artistic painting during evenings at the École des Beaux-Arts, in Le Havre, from about 1897 to 1899. [8], Vauxcelles, on 25 March 1909, used the terms "bizarreries cubiques" (cubic oddities) after seeing a painting by Braque at the Salon des Indépendants.[9]. For example, in Violin and Palette (1909), Braque painted a trompe l’oeil nail in the midst of the near-abstract planes. Georges Braque ( BRA(H)K, French: [ʒɔʁʒ bʁak]; 13 May 1882 – 31 August 1963) was a major 20th-century French painter, collagist, draughtsman, printmaker and sculptor. Georges Braque gilt neben Pablo Picasso als der Begründer des Kubismus.. Georges Braque wird am 13. Think you know your artists? Executed in 1912. At the time, Pablo Picasso was influenced by Gauguin, Cézanne, African masks and Iberian sculpture while Braque was interested mainly in developing Cézanne's ideas of multiple perspectives. He was most well known for being the founder of Cubism alongside famous artist Pablo Picasso. Die Menschen in der Urzeit zeichneten hauptsächlich Tiere auf Höhlenwände: Pferde, Büffel oder auch Mam… Omissions? Georges Braque, Violine und Krug, 1910 Die Formen, die zum Aufbau des Bildes dienen, werden nicht mehr aus dem Zerlegen der Gegen-stände gewonnen, sondern die Bildfläche wird von vornherein aus Formen zusammengesetzt (= syn-thetisiert). Klare Linien. In his village scenes, for example, Braque frequently reduced an architectural structure to a geometric form approximating a cube, yet rendered its shading so that it looked both flat and three-dimensional by fragmenting the image. Braque worked most closely with the artists Raoul Dufy and Othon Friesz, who shared Braque's hometown of Le Havre, to develop a somewhat more subdued Fauvist style. Mai 1882 in Argenteuil Department Val d'Oise, Frankreich. The works Braque and Picasso created during these years are practically interchangeable. Georges Braque, The Portuguese, 1911, oil on canvas, 116.8 x 81 cm (Kunstmuseum Basel, Basel, Switzerland) Cold Coffee and Analytic Cubism To understand Cubism it helps to go back to Cézanne’s still life paintings or even further, to the Renaissance. Georges Braque is one of the most renowned artists of the 20 th Century. However, he still remained committed to the cubist method of simultaneous perspective and fragmentation. Geboren am: 13. Picasso, P., Rubin, W. S., & Fluegel, J. Georges Braque, (born May 13, 1882, Argenteuil, France—died August 31, 1963, Paris), French painter, one of the important revolutionaries of 20th-century art who, together with Pablo Picasso, developed Cubism. Try to remember if these famous names were painters or architects. In 1890 the family moved to Le Havre, which had also been, in the time of the seascapist Eugène Boudin and the young Claude Monet, an early centre of Impressionism. Although Braque began his career painting landscapes, during 1908 he, alongside Picasso, discovered the advantages of painting still lifes instead. Jahrhunderts, die von Pablo Picasso (1881–1976) und Georges Braque (1882–1963) zwischen 1907/08 und 1910 entwickelt wurde. Rapidly, however, he moved away from austere geometry toward forms softened by looser drawing and freer brushwork, as seen in Still Life with Playing Cards (1919). [14] During his recovery he became a close friend of the cubist artist Juan Gris. See more ideas about Georges braque, Georges, Cubism. Braque's early interest in still lifes revived during the 1930s. During the period between the wars, Braque exhibited a freer, more relaxed style of Cubism, intensifying his color use and a looser rendering of objects. “Listen,” he is reported to have said, “in spite of your explanations your painting looks as if you wanted to make us eat tow, or drink gasoline and spit fire.” Despite these reservations, Braque painted his Large Nude (1908), a somewhat less-radical take on Picasso’s use of distorted planes and shallow space. After these radical works were rejected by the Salon d’Automne, that fall Braque had a show at Kahnweiler’s gallery and provoked a remark about “cubes” from the Paris critic Louis Vauxcelles that soon blossomed into a stylistic label. Simon and Schuster. A little later he experienced a revelation as he studied the firm structures and union of colour and tonal values in the work of Paul Cézanne. [1], Braque's earliest works were impressionistic, but after seeing the work exhibited by the artistic group known as the "Fauves" (Beasts) in 1905, he adopted a Fauvist style. Braque a învățat la început meseria de pictor-decorator în Le Havre, frecventând în același timp cursurile serale de pictură la "École des Beaux-Arts" din aceeași localitate. In 1906, Braque traveled with Friesz to L'Estaque, to Antwerp, and home to Le Havre to paint.[1]. Artist’s Jewellery - Benaki Museum, Athens 2011 Pioneer Of Modernism - Acquavella Galleries, Inc., New York City, NY La Theogonie de Georges Braque - LaM - Lille Métropole musée d'art moderne, d'art contemporain et d'art brut, Villeneuve d'Ascq 2010 Braque's paintings of 1908–1912 reflected his new interest in geometry and simultaneous perspective. Unterteilt werden die Kunstwerke in Stile und Epochen . This page was last edited on 24 November 2020, at 22:56. Make Offer - Georges Braque Vintage Plate Signed Serigraph "The Beach" 1950s Catalda Fine Art. Motive werden in Kegeln, Kugeln und Quadraten dargestellt. Georges Braque was a 20th century French painter who invented Cubism with Pablo Picasso. Georges Braque (født 13. maj 1882 i Argenteuil, Val-d'Oise, Frankrig, død 31. august 1963 i Paris, Frankrig) var en fransk maler og skulptør.Han og Pablo Picasso grundlagde kubismen.. Braque voksede op i Le Havre i en familie af bygningsmalere og blev selv uddannet maler. William S. Rubin discussing whether Pablo Picasso or Georges Braque “invented” Cubism, as well as Paul Cézanne's influence on both of the artists, from the documentary. Die kubistische Bildgestaltung. Damals gab es allerdings nur drei Farben: Ockergelb, Ockerrot und Kohleschwarz. The French painter was born seven months after Picasso in a small town near Paris in the 1870s (Braque). One example of this is his 1943 work Blue Guitar, which hangs in the Allen Memorial Art Museum. Georges Braque wurde als Sohn von Charles Braque (1855–1911) und Augustine Johanet (1859–1942) in einem Vorort von Paris geboren. August 1963) war ein Maler und Bildhauer, der zur Entwicklung des Kubismus einen erheblichen Beitrag geleistet hat. This is what led me, long ago, from landscape to still-life”[19] A still life was also more accessible, in relation to perspective, than landscape, and permitted the artist to see the multiple perspectives of the object. Georges Braque was born in 1882 in the small town of Argenteuil near Paris, but his family later moved to the port city of Le Havre in the region of Normandy, where he spent much of his childhood and teenage years. While many of the tendencies of Analytical Cubism veered toward abstraction, an equally powerful undercurrent utilized figuration. He was interested in sports, especially boxing, and also took a liking to playing the flute. A prominent figure in the development of cubism, Georges Braque was a French painter and sculptor. In the spring of 1907 Braque exhibited six paintings at the Paris Salon des Indépendants and sold them all. Auflösung: Die ganze Fläche des Bildes ist in eine Reihe kleiner, einander durchdringender Flächen zerlegt, von denen jede sowohl hinter wie vor anderen angrenzenden Flächen gedacht werden kann. In addition to the invention of Cubism, he did also focus on other forms of art which were prominent during this time period as well. Reine Farben werden wieder ver-wendet, ahmen aber nicht die far-bige Oberfläche der Gegenstän-de nach. These works reflect the influence of Braque’s idol, Cézanne; this influence is seen most obviously in the fact that L’Estaque was a favourite painting site for Cézanne, but also in the fact that Braque emulated the older painter’s use of colourful tilted planes and his reduction of form to geometric, often cylindrical, shapes. He also began to introduce sand and sawdust onto his canvases. Fry, Edward F. (1966). August 1963 in Paris, Frankreich. Georges Braque - Sein Werk Moderne Kunst - verstehen In Violin and Palette, 1909 Georges Braque fragmentalized the objects in the painting into pieces, which are then meshed into the background. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). "Cubism 1907-1908: An Early Eyewitness Account". After a year of military service he decided, with the help of an allowance from his family, to become an artist. Georges Braque, French (1882-1963) Drypoint Etching on Arches Laid Paper " Job" Pencil Signed Lower Right. With the outbreak of World War I, he entered the army as an infantry sergeant and served with distinction, being decorated twice in 1914 for bravery. Navigate parenthood with the help of the Raising Curious Learners podcast. Please select which sections you would like to print: Corrections? In 1911, he stenciled letters into The Portuguese. Braque believed that an artist experienced beauty "… in terms of volume, of line, of mass, of weight, and through that beauty [he] interpret[s] [his] subjective impression...”[17] He described "objects shattered into fragments... [as] a way of getting closest to the object...Fragmentation helped me to establish space and movement in space”. Starting in 1911 Braque—now teamed, as he said later, with Picasso as if they were roped alpinists—reached the high point of Analytical Cubism. The Look of Things: Selected Essays and Articles. (1980). Der Mensch will Kunst schaffen. 1972. In 1915 he suffered a serious head wound, which was followed by a trepanation, several months in the hospital, and a long period of convalescence at home in Sorgues. By the time of his death in 1963, he was regarded as one of the elder statesmen of the School of Paris, and of modern art. Während seine Zusammenarbeit mit Pablo Picasso und ihren kubistischen Werken am bekanntesten ist, hatte Braques eine langjährige Karriere als Maler, die über den Kubismus hinausging.
Neon Vegas Casino No Deposit Bonus, Strahlenkranz 6 Buchstaben, Ich Heirate Eine Familie Franziska, Icloud Activation Lock Check, This Person Does Not Exist Fails, Die Weihnachtsgeschichte Zum Ausdrucken, Hunderasse 6 Buchstaben, Ulla Schmidt Abgenommen,